The dual use nature of Tor and PGP is influenced by law enforcement and judiciary effectiveness and transparency and arbitrariness contributing to the public’s interest in decentralized technological protections. However, interest in VPN technology does not appear influenced by the legal environment and, instead, is influenced by freedom within the press. Using data from Google Trends, the International Property Rights Index, Freedom House and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the research analyzes interest in Tor, VPN technology and pretty good privacy (PGP) in 153 countries between 20.įindings suggest both countries with both higher and lower arbitrariness and uncertainty of law are associated with an increased interest in Tor and PGP.
Drawing upon existing theoretical frames specific to arbitrariness and uncertainty, this research examines whether interest in PETs is influenced by the legal environment of a country. The purpose of this paper is to explore to what extent the legal environment influences a user’s choice to employ privacy-enhancing technologies (PETs). Both government and private sector actors can more effectively manage the surface-to-Dark Web content cycle through a series of discrete practices and policies implemented at each stage of the wider process. The implication of this cycle is that managing the online information environment requires careful attention to the whole system, not just content hosted on surface Web platforms per se.
From the Dark Web, malicious informational content can then percolate back to the surface Web through a series of three pathways. Moderated content does not necessarily disappear when major Internet platforms crackdown, but simply shifts to the Dark Web. In this process, malicious content is initially posted on the surface Web. This paper proposes a surface-to-Dark Web content cycle. Yet these steps are not without their unintended effects.
De-listing, de-platforming, and account bans are just some of the increasingly common steps taken by major Internet companies to moderate their online content environments.
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